Expert insights on functional safety and cybersecurity standards, regulations, and best practices.
Stay informed with our collection of articles, guides, and industry analysis covering the latest developments in functional safety and cybersecurity compliance.
The EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) will be fully implemented in 2027, affecting all connected products exported to the EU. Learn the core requirements, timeline, and compliance strategies in just 5 minutes.
Product classification is the first step in CRA compliance. Master the Default category principles to choose the correct compliance path for your product. 90%+ of products belong to Default category with €10K-25K cost.
Articles and guides on functional safety standards including IEC 61508, ISO 13849, and more.
ISO 13849-1:2023 is the core standard for machinery safety control systems design. This article explains the standard positioning, SRP/CS concepts, Performance Levels (PL), Architecture Categories (B-4), and risk assessment fundamentals. Learn how ISO 13849 relates to IEC 62061 and when to use each standard.
Deep dive into ISO 13849's three key parameters: MTTFd (Mean Time to Dangerous Failure), DCavg (Diagnostic Coverage Average), and CCF (Common Cause Failure). Learn calculation methods, rating tables, and how these parameters combine to determine achieved Performance Level (PL). Includes practical examples for BMS and industrial applications.
Complete guide to ISO 13849 Performance Levels (PL a-e). Learn the risk graph methodology for determining required PLr, understand Category (B, 1, 2, 3, 4) requirements, and explore PL vs SIL correspondence with IEC 62061. Includes BMS case studies demonstrating Category 2, 3, and 4 implementations for different safety functions.
Practical design guidance for ISO 13849 compliant systems. Covers hardware safety principles, Architecture Category design patterns (B, 1, 2, 3, 4), BMS-specific implementations for voltage/temperature/current protection, diagnostic mechanisms, and validation testing. Learn how to achieve PL d/PL e for battery management systems through proven design patterns.
IEC 60730-1 Annex H is the core standard for software functional safety in home appliances. This article introduces standard positioning, Class A/B/C classification, core requirements, and implementation paths.
IEC 60730-1 defines three software safety levels: Class A, B, and C. This article provides in-depth analysis of definitions, requirements, applicable scenarios, and implementation points for each class.
IEC 60730-1 Table H.2 defines 7 core fault control measures. This article explains requirements, implementation methods, and verification points for each measure.
Detailed explanation of the complete IEC 60730 Annex H functional safety certification process, including 11 stages, key milestones, and practical recommendations.
IEC 60730-1 requires systematic risk assessment. This article explains FMEA methodology, implementation steps, and application cases for home appliances.
Using energy storage BMS as an example, this article demonstrates the practical application of Class B requirements in energy storage systems, including architecture design, implementation points, and verification methods.
IEC 61508 is the international standard for functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. This article provides a comprehensive overview of its key concepts, SIL levels, and application domains.
Insights on cybersecurity regulations and standards including EU CRA, IEC 62443, and IoT security.
The EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) will be fully implemented in 2027, affecting all connected products exported to the EU. Learn the core requirements, timeline, and compliance strategies in just 5 minutes.
Product classification is the first step in CRA compliance. Master the Default category principles to choose the correct compliance path for your product. 90%+ of products belong to Default category with €10K-25K cost.
Comprehensive FAQ covering product scope, classification, compliance paths, Module A requirements, vulnerability handling, and timelines. Essential reading for manufacturers exporting to the EU.
CRA has profound implications for the new energy industry. ESS, inverters, and EV chargers face new cybersecurity compliance requirements. Most products belong to Default category with Module A path.
CRA requires a comprehensive vulnerability handling process throughout the product lifecycle. Detailed explanation of EN 40000-1-3 six-phase methodology: PRE, RCP, VRF, RMD, RLS, PRA.
IEC 62443 is the international standard for industrial automation and control systems security. This comprehensive guide explains its structure, key components, and how it applies to component certification.
Secure Development Lifecycle (SDL) integrates security into every phase of product development. Learn how SDL differs from traditional development and the key practices defined in IEC 62443-4-1.
Operational Technology (OT) security differs significantly from traditional IT security. Understanding these differences is critical for protecting industrial systems effectively.
IEC 62443 defines four Security Levels (SL1-SL4) with increasing rigor. Learn how to choose the right level for your industrial systems and avoid the trap of over-specifying security requirements.
Threat modeling is essential for identifying security risks early. Learn how to apply the STRIDE methodology to industrial control systems and energy management systems.